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Philosophy of History
by Hegel
Table of Contents
Introduction
O The subject of this course of Lectures is the Philosophical History of the World。
SECTION ONE： Original History
§ 1 They simply transferred what was passing in the world around them； to the realm of
representative intellect。
§ 2 The influences that have formed the writer are identical with those which have moulded the
events that constitute the matter of his story。
§ 3 What the historian puts into the mouths of orators is an uncorrupted transcript of their
intellectual and moral habitudes。
§ 4 Among the ancients； these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen。
SECTION TWO： Reflective History
§ 5 Reflective history's mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to
which it relates。
___1 Universal History
§ 6 It is the aim of Universal History to gain a view of the entire history of a people or a country。
§ 7 History must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions。
___2 Pragmatical History
§ 8 Pragmatical History takes the occurrence out of the category of the Past and makes it
virtually Present。
___3 Critical History
§ 9 In Critical History； it is not history itself that is presented； but a History of History。
§ 10 Critical History adopts an abstract position； yet forms a transition to the Philosophical
History。
SECTION THREE： Philosophic History
§ 11 Philosophy of History means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it。
§ 12 Reason is the Sovereign of the World； history therefore； presents us with a rational process。
§ 13 The World of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance； but must show
itself in the light of the self…cognisant Idea。
§ 14 Two points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that Reason rules in the
world。
I： Reason Governs World
§ 15 Anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that Reason governs the world。
§ 16 That Nature is unchangeably subordinate to universal laws； appears nowise strange to us。
§ 17 Religious holds that the world is not abandoned to chance； but that a Providence controls it。
II The Essential Destiny of Reason
§ 18 The question； what is the ultimate design of the World？
§ 19 Spirit is our substantial object。 Our task does not require us to contemplate Nature as a
Rational System in itself。
§ 20 The three parts of the Destiny of Reason。
___（1） The Abstract Characteristics of the Nature of Spirit
§ 21 As the essence of Matter is Gravity； so； on the other hand； the essence of Spirit is Freedom。
§ 22 Eastern nations knew that one is free； the Greeks and Romans that some are free； whilst we
know that all men are free。
§ 23 The final cause of the World； we allege to be Spirit's consciousness of its own freedom。
___（2） The Means Spirit Uses to Realise Its Idea
§ 24 The first glance at History convinces us that the actions of men proceed from their needs；
their passions； their characters and talents。
§ 25 Aims； principles； &c。； have a place in our thoughts； but not yet in the sphere of reality。
§ 26 Nothing great in the World has been acplished without passion。
§ 27 A State is powerful； when the private interest of its citizens is one with the mon interest。
§ 28 The universal Idea exists as the substantial totality of things； and as the abstract essence of
free volition。
§ 29 The passions of men are gratified and build up the edifice of human society； for Right and
Order。
§ 30 The agent's aims are limited but the agents themselves are intelligent thinking beings。
§ 31 History has to do with those momentous collisions between existing； acknowledged duties；
laws； and rights。
§ 32 The particular aims of great historical men involve those large issues which are the will of the
World…Spirit。。
§ 33 Such individuals had no consciousness of the Idea they were unfolding； but were practical；
political men。
§ 34 They are great men； because they acplished the needs of the age。
§ 35 A World…historical individual is devoted to the One Aim。
§ 36 It is not the Idea that is exposed to danger。 It remains in the background； untouched and
uninjured。 This may be called the cunning of reason。
§ 37 When speaking of the realisation of great ideals by individuals； the subjective element in
them has an infinite right to be consulted。。
§ 38 We must not fall into the Litany of Lamentations； that the good and pious often fare ill in the
world。
§ 39 The means which the World…Spirit uses for realising its Idea involves the activity of personal
existences in whom Reason is present； but still obscure and unknown to them。
___（3） The Embodiment Spirit Assumes — the State
§ 40 What is the material in which the Ideal of Reason is wrought out？ … Personality itself … human
desires … Subjectivity generally。
§ 41 The Idea is the inner spring of action； the State is the actually； existing； realised moral life。
§ 42 The first error is that man is free by nature； but that in society； he must limit this natural
freedom。
§ 43 Freedom does not exist as original and natural — it must be first sought out and won。
§ 44 The patriarchal condition is one of transition； its unity not advancing beyond the merely
natural。
§ 45 No law can be valid without the approval of all。
§ 46 The State is an abstraction； but it is an actuality； and must embody itself in individual will。
§ 47 The necessity of a particular constitution is made to depend on the condition of the people
as if it were accidental。
§ 48 The State is the embodiment of rational freedom； realising itself in an objective form。
§ 49 The State is the Idea of Spirit in the external manifestation of human Will and its Freedom。
§ 50 We observe a union between the objective … the Idea； … and the subjective… the personality
that conceives and wills it。
§ 51 The definite substance that exists in the State； is the Spirit of the People itself。
§ 52 Freedom can exist only where Individuality is recognised as having its real existence in the
Divine Being。
§ 53 While the State is based on Religion； Religion supposes the State already to exist。
§ 54 Religion is by no means a thing to be so produced； its self…production lies much deeper。
§ 55 An opposite folly is that of pretending to invent and carry out political constitutions
independently of religion。
§ 56 The State constitutes the rights of its members； its natural features are their country； their
outward material property。
§ 57 This matured totality constitutes the spirit of one People。 Each individual is the Son of his
Nation； the Son of his Age。
§ 58 Each particular National genius is only One Individual in the process of Universal History。
§ 59 Nothing further remains for this introductory section to contemplate but 。。。。
III The Course of World History
§ 60 History is an advance to something better； but Nature exhibits only a perpetually
self…repeating cycle。
§ 61 The principle of Development finds actual existence in Spirit； which has the History of the
World for its theatre。
§ 62 The Spirit's expansion is not the harmless tranquillity of mere growth； but a stern reluctant
working against itself。
§ 63 The analysis of the successive grades； in their abstract form； belongs to Logic； in their
concrete aspect to the Philosophy of Spirit。
§ 64 Possibility points to something destined to bee actual。
§ 65 The investigation of the history of ancient peoples； to trace their annals up to the point where
fragments of primary revelation are to be met with。
§ 66 We have to thank this interest for many valuable discoveries in Oriental literature。
§ 67 An advanced condition of science； and the assertion that such a condition occurred at the
very beginning of History。
§ 68 The only method philosophical investigation can adopt； is to take up History where
Rationality begins to manifest itself in the World's affairs。
§ 69 The period before history was written are destitute of objective history； because they
present no subjective history。
§ 70 The progress of Nations assumes importance for concrete Reason； only when they have
e in contact with States； or begin to form constitutions。
§ 71 We now have to state the direction of its course： though here only formally。
§ 72 The logical； and dialectical nature of the Idea； viz。 that it is self…determined — that it
assumes successive forms which it successively transcends； and by this very process gains a richer
and more concrete shape。
§ 73 A doubt has been suggested whether in the progress of history and of general culture；
mankind have bee better。
§ 74 The History of the World occupies a higher ground than that on which morality has properly
its position。
§ 75 The condition of Philosophy's existence is the taking up of the object of thought； and at the
same time clothing it with the form of universality。
§ 76 Language attains on its own particular ground a high intellectual development； prior to the
mencement of civilisation。
§ 77 Philosophy also must make its appearance where political life exists。
§ 78 Among all world…historical peoples； art； science； even philosophy show not only diversity in
style； but still more remarkably in subject…matter。
§ 79 Those spheres of intelligence which lie beyond the limits of this consciousness are a mon
ground。
§ 80 It is the concrete spirit of a people which we have to recognise； and it can only be
prehended spiritually。
§ 81 History is the development of Spirit in Time； as Nature is the development of the Idea in
Space。
§ 82 With a vast expenditure of power a trivial result is produced； while from what appears
unimportant； a tremendous issue proceeds。
§ 83 What traveller among the ruins of Carthage or Rome has not reflected on the transience of
kingdoms and men。
§ 84 Spirit manipulates itself； multiplying the material for future endeavours and gratifying its
desires in a variety which is inexhaustible。
§ 85 The very essence of Spirit is activity； it realises its potentiality and bees an object to
itself； contemplates itself as an objective existence。
§ 86 The Spirit of a people exists as a genus； and consequently carries within it its own negation。
§ 87 It is not of the natu