君主论-the prince(英文版)- 第6部分

　anarchy。A　principality　is　created　either　by　the　people　or　by　the　nobles；accordingly　as　one　or　other　of　them　has　the　opportunity；　for　the　nobles；seeing　they　cannot　withstand　the　people；　begin　to　cry　up　the　reputationof　one　of　themselves；　and　they　make　him　a　prince；　so　that　under　hisshadow　they　can　give　vent　to　their　ambitions。　The　people；　finding　theycannot　resist　the　nobles；　also　cry　up　the　reputation　of　one　ofthemselves；　and　make　him　a　prince　so　as　to　be　defended　by　his　authority。He　who　obtains　sovereignty　by　the　assistance　of　the　nobles　maintainshimself　with　more　difficulty　than　he　who　es　to　it　by　the　aid　of　thepeople；　because　the　former　finds　himself　with　many　around　him　whoconsider　themselves　his　equals；　and　because　of　this　he　can　neither　rulenor　manage　them　to　his　liking。　But　he　who　reaches　sovereignty　by　popularfavour　finds　himself　alone；　and　has　none　around　him；　or　few；　who　are　notprepared　to　obey　him。Besides　this；　one　cannot　by　fair　dealing；　and　without　injury　to　others；satisfy　the　nobles；　but　you　can　satisfy　the　people；　for　their　object　ismore　righteous　than　that　of　the　nobles；　the　latter　wishing　to　oppress；whilst　the　former　only　desire　not　to　be　oppressed。　It　is　to　be　addedalso　that　a　prince　can　never　secure　himself　against　a　hostile　people；because　of　their　being　too　many；　whilst　from　the　nobles　he　can　securehimself；　as　they　are　few　in　number。　The　worst　that　a　prince　may　expectfrom　a　hostile　people　is　to　be　abandoned　by　them；　but　from　hostilenobles　he　has　not　only　to　fear　abandonment；　but　also　that　they　will　riseagainst　him；　for　they；　being　in　these　affairs　more　far…seeing　andastute；　always　e　forward　in　time　to　save　themselves；　and　to　obtainfavours　from　him　whom　they　expect　to　prevail。　Further；　the　prince　ispelled　to　live　always　with　the　same　people；　but　he　can　do　wellwithout　the　same　nobles；　being　able　to　make　and　unmake　them　daily；　andto　give　or　take　away　authority　when　it　pleases　him。Therefore；　to　make　this　point　clearer；　I　say　that　the　nobles　ought　to　belooked　at　mainly　in　two　ways：　that　is　to　say；　they　either　shape　theircourse　in　such　a　way　as　binds　them　entirely　to　your　fortune；　or　they　donot。　Those　who　so　bind　themselves；　and　are　not　rapacious；　ought　to　behonoured　and　loved；　those　who　do　not　bind　themselves　may　be　dealt　within　two　ways；　they　may　fail　to　do　this　through　pusillanimity　and　anatural　want　of　courage；　in　which　case　you　ought　to　make　use　of　them；especially　of　those　who　are　of　good　counsel；　and　thus；　whilst　inprosperity　you　honour　yourself；　in　adversity　you　have　not　to　fear　them。But　when　for　their　own　ambitious　ends　they　shun　binding　themselves；　itis　a　token　that　they　are　giving　more　thought　to　themselves　than　to　you；and　a　prince　ought　to　guard　against　such；　and　to　fear　them　as　if　theywere　open　enemies；　because　in　adversity　they　always　help　to　ruin　him。Therefore；　one　who　bees　a　prince　through　the　favour　of　the　peopleought　to　keep　them　friendly；　and　this　he　can　easily　do　seeing　they　onlyask　not　to　be　oppressed　by　him。　But　one　who；　in　opposition　to　thepeople；　bees　a　prince　by　the　favour　of　the　nobles；　ought；　aboveeverything；　to　seek　to　win　the　people　over　to　himself；　and　this　he　mayeasily　do　if　he　takes　them　under　his　protection。　Because　men；　when　theyreceive　good　from　him　of　whom　they　were　expecting　evil；　are　bound　moreclosely　to　their　benefactor；　thus　the　people　quickly　bee　more　devotedto　him　than　if　he　had　been　raised　to　the　principality　by　their　favours；and　the　prince　can　win　their　affections　in　many　ways；　but　as　these　varyaccording　to　the　circumstances　one　cannot　give　fixed　rules；　so　I　omitthem；　but；　I　repeat；　it　is　necessary　for　a　prince　to　have　the　peoplefriendly；　otherwise　he　has　no　security　in　adversity。Nabis；　Prince　of　the　Spartans；　sustained　the　attack　of　all　Greece；　andof　a　victorious　Roman　army；　and　against　them　he　defended　his　country　andhis　government；　and　for　the　overing　of　this　peril　it　was　onlynecessary　for　him　to　make　himself　secure　against　a　few；　but　this　wouldnot　have　been　sufficient　if　the　people　had　been　hostile。　And　do　not　letany　one　impugn　this　statement　with　the　trite　proverb　that　'He　who　buildson　the　people；　builds　on　the　mud；'　for　this　is　true　when　a　privatecitizen　makes　a　foundation　there；　and　persuades　himself　that　the　peoplewill　free　him　when　he　is　oppressed　by　his　enemies　or　by　the　magistrates；wherein　he　would　find　himself　very　often　deceived；　as　happened　to　theGracchi　in　Rome　and　to　Messer　Giorgio　Scali　in　Florence。　But　granted　aprince　who　has　established　himself　as　above；　who　can　mand；　and　is　aman　of　courage；　undismayed　in　adversity；　who　does　not　fail　in　otherqualifications；　and　who；　by　his　resolution　and　energy；　keeps　the　wholepeople　encouraged　……　such　a　one　will　never　find　himself　deceived　inthem；　and　it　will　be　shown　that　he　has　laid　his　foundations　well。These　principalities　are　liable　to　danger　when　they　are　passing　from　thecivil　to　the　absolute　order　of　government；　for　such　princes　either　rulepersonally　or　through　magistrates。　In　the　latter　case　their　governmentis　weaker　and　more　insecure；　because　it　rests　entirely　on　the　goodwillof　those　citizens　who　are　raised　to　the　magistracy；　and　who；　especiallyin　troubled　times；　can　destroy　the　government　with　great　ease；　either　byintrigue　or　open　defiance；　and　the　prince　has　not　the　chance　amidtumults　to　exercise　absolute　authority；　because　the　citizens　andsubjects；　accustomed　to　receive　orders　from　magistrates；　are　not　of　amind　to　obey　him　amid　these　confusions；　and　there　will　always　be　indoubtful　times　a　scarcity　of　men　whom　he　can　trust。　For　such　a　princecannot　rely　upon　es；　when　citizens　had　needof　the　state；　because　then　every　one　agrees　with　him；　they　all　promise；and　when　death　is　far　distant　they　all　wish　to　die　for　him；　but　introubled　times；　when　the　state　has　need　of　its　citizens；　then　he　findsbut　few。　And　so　much　the　more　is　this　experiment　dangerous；　inasmuch　asit　can　only　be　tried　once。　Therefore　a　wise　prince　ought　to　adopt　such　acourse　that　his　citizens　will　always　in　every　sort　and　kind　ofcircumstance　have　need　of　the　state　and　of　him；　and　then　he　will　alwaysfind　them　faithful。CHAPTER　XCONCERNING　THE　WAY　IN　WHICH　THE　STRENGTH　OF　ALL　PRINCIPALITIES　OUGHT　TOBE　MEASUREDIT　IS　necessary　to　consider　another　point　in　examining　the　character　ofthese　principalities：　that　is；　whether　a　prince　has　such　power　that；　incase　of　need；　he　can　support　himself　with　his　own　resources；　or　whetherhe　has　always　need　of　the　assistance　of　others。　And　to　make　this　quiteclear　I　say　that　I　consider　those　are　able　to　support　themselves　bytheir　own　resources　who　can；　either　by　abundance　of　men　or　money；　raisea　sufficient　army　to　join　battle　against　any　one　who　es　to　attackthem；　and　I　consider　those　always　to　have　need　of　others　who　cannot　showthemselves　against　the　enemy　in　the　field；　but　are　forced　to　defendthemselves　by　sheltering　behind　walls。　The　first　case　has　beendiscussed；　but　we　will　speak　of　it　again　should　it　recur。　In　the　secondcase　one　can　say　nothing　except　to　encourage　such　princes　to　provisionand　fortify　their　towns；　and　not　on　any　account　to　defend　the　country。And　whoever　shall　fortify　his　town　well；　and　shall　have　managed　theother　concerns　of　his　subjects　in　the　way　stated　above；　and　to　be　oftenrepeated；　will　never　be　attacked　without　great　caution；　for　men　arealways　adverse　to　enterprises　where　difficulties　can　be　seen；　and　itwill　be　seen　not　to　be　an　easy　thing　to　attack　one　who　has　his　town　wellfortified；　and　is　not　hated　by　his　people。The　cities　of　Germany　are　absolutely　free；　they　own　but　little　countryaround　them；　and　they　yield　obedience　to　the　emperor　when　it　suits　them；nor　do　they　fear　this　or　any　other　power　they　may　have　near　them；because　they　are　fortified　in　such　a　way　that　every　one　thinks　thetaking　of　them　by　assault　would　be　tedious　and　difficult；　seeing　theyhave　proper　ditches　and　walls；　they　have　sufficient　artillery；　and　theyalways　keep　in　public　depots　enough　for　one　year's　eating；　drinking；　andfiring。　And　beyond　this；　to　keep　the　people　quiet　and　without　loss　tothe　state；　they　always　have　the　means　of　giving　work　to　the　munity　inthose　labours　that　are　the　life　and　strength　of　the　city；　and　on　thepursuit　of　which　the　people　are　supported；　they　also　hold　militaryexercises　in　repute；　and　moreover　have　many　ordinances　to　uphold　them。Therefore；　a　prince　who　has　a　strong　city；　and　had　not　made　himselfodious；　will　not　be　attacked；　or　if　any　one　should　attack　he　will　onlybe　driven　off　with　disgrace；　again；　because　that　affairs　of　this　worldare　so　changeable；　it　is　almost　impossible　to　keep　an　army　a　whole　yearin　the　field　without　being　interfered　with。　And　whoever　should　reply：　Ifthe　people　have　property　outside　the　city；　and　see　it　burnt；　they　willnot　remain　patient；　and　the　long　siege　and　self…interest　will　make　themforget　their　prince；　to　this　I　answer　that　a　powerful　and　courageousprince　will　overe　all　such　difficulties　by　giving　at　one　time　hope　tohis　subjects　that　the　evil　will　not　be　for　long；　at　another　time　fear　ofthe　cruelty　of　the　enemy；　then　preserving　himself　adroitly　from　thosesubjects　who　seem　to　him　to　be　too　bold。Further；　the　enemy　would　naturally　on　his　arrival　at　once　burn　and　ruinthe　country　at　the　time　when　the　spirits　of　the　people　are　still　hot　andready　for　the　defence；　and；　therefore；　so　much　the　less　ought　the　princeto　hesitate；　because　after　a　time；　when　spirits　have　cooled；　the　damageis　already　done；　the　ills　are　incurred；　and　there　is　no　longer　anyremedy；　and　therefore　they　are　so　much　the　more　ready　to　unite　withtheir　prince；　he　appearing　to　be　under　obligations　to　them　now　thattheir　houses　have　been　burnt　and　their　possessions　ruined　in　hisdefence。　For　it　is　the　nature　of　men　to　be　bound　by　the　benefits　theyconfer　as　much　as　by　those　they　receive。　Therefore；　if　everything　iswell　considered；　it　wilt　not　be　difficult　for　a　wise　prince　to　keep　theminds　of　his　citizens　steadfast　from　first　to　last；　when　he　does　notfail　to　support　and　defend　them。CHAPTER　XICONCERNING　ECCLESIASTICAL　PRINCIPALITIESIT　ONLY　remains　now　to　speak　of　ecclesiastical　principalities；　touchingwhich　all　difficulties　are　prior　to　getting　possession；　because　they　areacquired　either　by　capacity　or　good　fortune；　and　they　can　be　heldwithout　either；　for　they　are　sustained　by　the　ordinances　of　religion；which　are　so　all…powerful；　and　of　such　a　character　that　theprincipalities　may　be　held　no　matter　how　their　princes　behave　and　live。These　princes　alone　have　states　and　do　not　defend　them；　they　havesubjects　and　do　not　rule　them；　and　the　states；　although　unguarded；　arenot　taken　from　them；　and　the　subjects；　although　not　ruled；　do　not　care；and　they　have　neither　the　desire　nor　the　ability　to　alienate　themselves。Such　principalities　only　are　secure　and　happy。　But　being　upheld　bypowers；　to　which　the　human　mind　cannot　reach；　I　shall　speak　no　more　ofthem；　because；　being　exalted　and　maintained　by　God；　it　would　be　the　actof　a　presumptuous　and　rash　man　to　discuss　them。Nevertheless；　if　any　one　should　ask　of　me　how　es　it　that　the　Churchhas　attained　such　greatness　in　temporal　power；　seeing　that　fromAlexander　backwards　the　Italian　potentates　（not　only　those　who　have　beencalled　potentates；　but　every　baron　and　lord；　though　the　smallest）　havevalued　the　temporal　power　very　slightly　……　yet　now　a　king　of　Francetrembles　before　it；　and　it　has　been　able　to　drive　him　fr